Rapid Expansion of Ring-Necked Parakeets in UK Sparks Concern
The UK ring-necked parakeet population has increased dramatically, rising 25-fold from 1994 to 2023. The British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) estimates there are now more than 30,000 birds in approximately 15,000 breeding pairs, alongside numerous non-breeding individuals. These birds are mainly concentrated around London and southeastern England but have expanded their range to northern cities including Manchester and Newcastle.
Richmond Park is a key habitat for the parakeets, offering ideal nesting sites in ancient trees with natural cavities. Hundreds of these trees support nesting, and the park’s abundant fruit and flowers sustain the birds, which have become dominant in its soundscape. The parakeets first arrived in the UK during the late 1960s, originating from the release or escape of pet birds from the Indian subcontinent and Africa. Climate effects have further aided their population growth.
Concerns have arisen regarding potential impacts on native species such as starlings, song thrushes, lesser spotted woodpeckers, and bats, alongside risks to crops and the potential spread of disease. A 2011 risk assessment by Defra warned of the high potential impact of these invasive birds. However, UK research on these impacts remains limited, and experts emphasize the need for long-term field data. Competition at garden feeders may stress native foraging behaviors.
International research presents mixed evidence: a 2010 Belgian study linked parakeets to declines in nuthatch populations, while a 2011 UK/BTO follow-up study found no significant competition effects. In Seville, Spain, parakeets have been observed chasing noctule bats, with subsequent bat die-offs recorded.
Culling of ring-necked parakeets has been debated in the UK but not implemented. In contrast, Madrid initiated a humane population control program in 2019 targeting about 13,000 parakeets. Methods include shooting, nets and traps, and egg sterilization. Additionally, monk parakeet controls were conducted on the Isle of Dogs approximately 24 years ago due to their risk to power lines.
